1. Monitoring changes in weather patterns: Mobile surveys can collect data on weather patterns, such as temperature, precipitation, and wind speed, from respondents across different locations. This data can identify trends and changes in weather patterns over time.
2. Assessing the impact of climate change on ecosystems: Mobile surveys can be used to gather data on the health and condition of ecosystems, such as forests, wetlands, and coral reefs. This data can be used to assess the impact of climate change on these ecosystems and identify areas that require conservation efforts.
3. Tracking the adoption of climate-friendly behaviors: Mobile surveys can be used to track the adoption of climate-friendly behaviors, such as reducing energy consumption, using public transportation, and recycling. This data can be used to identify areas where more education and outreach are needed to encourage sustainable behaviors. Here is a report from a mobile survey GeoPoll conducted in the Caribbean on Climate change perceptions.
4. Identifying vulnerable populations: Mobile surveys can be used to gather data on the vulnerability of different populations to the impacts of climate change, such as extreme weather events and sea-level rise. This data can inform policy decisions and allocate resources to vulnerable communities. Here is another report we conducted on the impact of climate change on women in Pakistan.
5. Guide humanitarian relief responses – When natural crises such as hurricanes and floods occur, it is important for relief providers to move with speed and provide targeted aid to those in the affected areas. Mobile surveys help access such areas, which wouldn’t otherwise be reachable by researchers.

GeoPoll Climate Change Research Use Cases

Over the years, GeoPoll has developed remote mobile surveying capabilities that allow energy, climate, and environmental stakeholders to gather ongoing data to measure trends or one-off data from specific populations.

• Assess the green energy market – assess community awareness, usage, availability, and habits around green energy to inform green energy strategies.
• Assess natural disaster preparedness – assess preparedness for potential natural disasters and predict resilience levels if a natural disaster occurs.
• Assess resilient farming practices – assess farmer perceptions of, and experiences with, climate-resilient farming practices and new farming technologies.
• Monitoring and Evaluation – measure the impact of climate-focused initiatives on communities.
• Measure climate change behaviors – track community perceptions about climate change and changes in behavior due to climate.
• Measure access to resources – measure perceptions of the effectiveness of interventions intended to increase access to natural resources.
• Quickly access populations hit by climate crises – Due to our huge database of respondents and capability to move quickly, GeoPoll can deploy mobile surveys to assess the impact of the crises and assess the needs of the victims to help direct humanitarian relief.

Overall, mobile surveys can be a valuable tool for tracking climate change, but ensuring that the data collected is representative and reliable is important, and this is where GeoPoll comes in.

If you are in the climate, energy, and environment space, contact GeoPoll to learn more about our capabilities and how we can help.

The post Using Mobile to Track Climate Change appeared first on GeoPoll.

This post takes another look at the data, exploring the potential influence of education and employment on climate change perceptions.

Climate Change Belief, Worry, and Experience

Most Caribbean residents believe climate change is happening. Diving deeper into the data shows that belief in climate change increases incrementally with educational level, while uncertainty decreases. According to the UN, education is a critical agent in addressing the impacts of climate change.

With awareness about climate change comes worry and concern. Respondents with less education are far more likely to say they are “not worried at all” about climate change than respondents that have achieved higher levels of education.

The consequences of climate change disproportionately impact the most vulnerable populations, furthering inequality. In lower income countries like many in the Caribbean, poorer communities are often the hardest hit by climate catastrophes and the least equipped to adapt and recover from them. In our study, respondents with less education, which shows a positive correlation with poverty and inequality, are more likely to say they have personally experienced the effects of climate change than more highly educated respondents.

Less educated respondents are also more likely to have moved or plan to move due to the effects of climate change. As extreme weather events, coastal flooding, and erosion increase, Small Island Developing States (SIDS), like those in the Caribbean, project to be some of the fastest displaced populations across the globe.

Employment status appears to share many of the same correlations with climate change perceptions as education level. Similar to respondents that are more highly educated, respondents that are employed full time are more likely to believe climate change is happening and to be worried about climate change than respondents that are unemployed/retired. They are also less likely to have personally experienced the effects of climate change.

Personal Responsibility and Future Risk

Higher levels of education and employment do not necessarily correlate with an increased sense of personal responsibility around climate change, however. In our study, respondents that do not have a college degree are more likely to report feeling a personal responsibility to reduce climate change than those that do.

The same pattern applies to respondents that are currently unemployed/retired versus those that are employed full time.

Looking towards the future, respondents with less education more strongly agree that climate change poses a “very high risk” to the Caribbean in the next 10 years – as do respondents that are currently unemployed versus those that are employed full time.

Assessing the influence of education and employment on climate change perceptions in the Caribbean surfaces several interesting patterns. Although respondents with college degrees and those that are employed full time exhibit higher levels of awareness that climate change is happening, they are less likely to have personally experienced the effects of climate change or to feel a sense of personal responsibility to reduce climate change. This suggests that increasing awareness alone is not enough. Opportunities exist for governments and environmental agencies to help citizens from all backgrounds to internalize the oncoming risks of climate change (without having to personally experience the effects) and to become more personally involved in climate action.

Research Methodology and Sample

This study was implemented by GeoPoll using our own mobile research platform and respondent database. The questionnaire was designed by GeoPoll researchers and conducted via SMS across 13 Caribbean nations.

GeoPoll used a simple random sampling technique from GeoPoll’s respondent database of mobile subscribers to achieve a total sample size of 2,725.

Conduct Research in the Caribbean with GeoPoll

With the 2022 Atlantic hurricane season currently at hand, the Caribbean once again finds itself in harm’s way. In times of natural disaster, NGOs, governments, humanitarian groups, and other stakeholders in the development and relief sectors turn to GeoPoll for fast and affordable data collection. Our unique remote research system and methodologies, robust database, and direct integrations with mobile network operators enable us to reach affected populations otherwise cut off from the world.

To learn more about GeoPoll’s capabilities and coverage in the Caribbean, please contact us today.

The post GeoPoll Report Supplement: The Impact of Education and Employment on Climate Change Perceptions in the Caribbean appeared first on GeoPoll.

Since releasing a report at the outset of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine to assist in the targeting of humanitarian relief, GeoPoll has continued to collect data from across the war-torn country using our mobile web research platform. A dashboard displaying round-the-clock updates of that data as well as trends over time is available here.

In this post we detail insights gleaned from more than 5,000 completed mobile web surveys.

Safety and Displacement

Mounting civilian casualties and the destruction of infrastructure has forced millions of Ukrainians to flee their homes seeking safety and services. The percentage of respondents in our study that have been forced to flee has steadily increased from 19% in early March to 44% on June 17. Even 44% likely underestimates the true scale of displacement caused by the war.

Over the past 4 months, more than 3 out of 4 respondents (79%) know someone who has been forced to move or flee. That segment grew to 85% in the first few weeks of June.

Those who have been forced to flee their homes have mostly stayed in Ukraine according to the majority of respondents (51%).

More than 1 in 3 respondents (36%), however, say most of the people they know who have been forced to flee have moved to another country. As of June 17, the UN has recorded more than 5 million individual refugees from Ukraine across Europe.

With Russia’s attack now focused primarily on the Donbas region, the percentage of respondents that have recently witnessed violence or conflict has dropped significantly. In early March, 38% of respondents said they had personally witnessed violence within the past few weeks. Less than half as many (15%) made the same claim on June 17.

Following the same pattern, the percentage of respondents that feel at least somewhat safe in their everyday life has almost doubled, rising from 25% in early March to 49% in mid-June. Only 13% (and 9% of women) say they feel “very safe,” however, illustrating the psychological toll the war is inflicting on almost all Ukrainians.

Access to Necessities

Eastern Ukraine remains the epicenter of the current conflict, though shelling and airstrikes persist in other regions causing widespread damage to infrastructure and essential services. In the past few weeks, the situation appears to be taking a turn for the worse. From the end of April until the middle of June, the percentage of respondents experiencing at least occasional shortages of necessities, such as fuel, water, and electricity, rose from 49% to 68%.

Communication services seem to be fairing slightly better. More than half of respondents (52%) say they have not experienced any phone or internet outages in the past few weeks – up from 32% in early March.

Food Security

The World Food Programme (WFP) estimates that approximately 1 in 3 households in Ukraine are food insecure. In our study, the strategies families are using to cope with a lack of food or money to buy food have remained relatively consistent over the past four months. The chart to follow compares the results from GeoPoll’s initial survey conducted on March 5 to the data accumulated in the weeks and months since.

*       The chart above shows the percentage of respondents that used each coping strategy at least 1 out of the past 7 days.

Eating less preferred and/or less expensive food stands out as the most common coping strategy. The largest segment of respondents (23%) say they ate less preferred/less expensive food all 7 days in the past week.

News and Misinformation

Social media has proven a critical resource for gathering and disseminating information about the war in Ukraine. President Zelensky has effectively used the tool to inform and inspire his own people as well as to communicate with the outside world. Viral photos, videos, and information from government entities and civilians spread quickly across social media platforms, enabling millions to experience the war viscerally on their mobile phones.

In our ongoing research study, reliance on social media as a news source has increased steadily over the past few months. In early March, 69% of respondents reported using social media to follow the news. By April 17, 81% of respondents claimed to be using the platform.

Conversely, reliance on TV as a news source has dropped from 66% in early March to 48% in mid-June. The use of websites has oscillated above and below 50%.

Ukrainians are not the only ones using social media. Russian state media and supporters are leveraging the platform to spread misinformation. Although most social media services have taken steps to remove Russian misinformation, Telegram, which is widely used in both Russia and Ukraine, has not.

The percentage of respondents in Ukraine that had witnessed Russian misinformation campaigns and news was already high in the first week of March at 73%. Since then, it has risen to 78%.

Humanitarian Aid

Heavy fighting and restrictions from authorities have made it difficult for humanitarian organizations to reach certain areas in Ukraine. Still, the percentage of respondents in our study that say humanitarian aid organizations are currently in their area to provide relief has climbed from 60% in early March to 82% on June 17.

Although more respondents are now aware of the presence of aid in their area, most believe the amount of aid available has either stayed the same (46%) or decreased (34%) in the past few weeks. In early March, most respondents said the amount of aid available was increasing (59%).

The percentage of respondents that claim to have received aid in the form of food, money, water or other supplies has more than doubled since March. On March 5, only 13% of respondents said that they or their immediate family had received aid in the past few weeks. Since April 1, that segment has never dropped below 30%.

The UN and its humanitarian partners report having reached more than 8.8 million people across Ukraine since the war started. As the situation continues to deteriorate, particularly in the Donbas region, more aid and life-saving assistance are desperately needed.

Conducting Research for Humanitarian Relief

Gathering information on the ground in Ukraine is critical for assessing humanitarian needs and developing action plans for aid assistance. GeoPoll has extensive experience conducting research in times of conflict and crisis using our remote mobile-based systems and methodologies. GeoPoll can facilitate custom surveys in Ukraine remotely using a variety of modes and deliver results in near real-time. Inquire about running your own custom survey in Ukraine, today.

To track our ongoing data collection in Ukraine, access our interactive data dashboard. The dashboard displays the full results from the ongoing survey, including responses to each question filterable by region, age group and gender, as well as trends over time.

The post GeoPoll Reports: Tracking the Situation On the Ground in Ukraine appeared first on GeoPoll.

Climate change is a global crisis. In 2021, record setting climate disasters ranged from locust plagues in Kenya, to sandstorms in China, to megadrought fueled wildfires across the Western U.S. Nearly all the world’s glaciers are melting, as carbon emissions, temperatures, and sea levels continue to rise.

Rising seas, hotter temperatures, and more frequent and extreme weather events, pose a particular threat to coastal areas and island nations. As coastal flooding and erosion increase, Small Island Developing States (SIDS), like those in the Caribbean, project to be some of the most highly impacted and fastest displaced populations across the globe.

But how concerned are residents in the Caribbean about the effects of climate change? And who do they believe is responsible for taking the actions needed to prevent and adapt to those effects? To explore the answers to these questions and more, GeoPoll conducted an SMS survey in April and May 2022 across 13 countries in the Caribbean.

Findings from the survey show that most respondents believe climate change is happening and are at least somewhat worried about it. Hurricanes comprise their biggest concern with experts predicting the seventh consecutive “above average” Atlantic hurricane season in 2022. Most have personally experienced the effects of climate change including damage to infrastructure, and some have already had to move as a result.

Looking ahead, most respondents feel a sense of personal responsibility to reduce climate change, but also believe their country needs to do more.

Click below to download GeoPoll’s full written report or scroll down to view the survey data in the interactive dashboard.

Interactive Data Dashboard

Dive deeper into GeoPoll’s data on climate change perceptions in the Caribbean using the interactive dashboard below. The dashboard provides responses to each question in the survey, filterable by country, age group, and gender.

Conduct Research in the Caribbean with GeoPoll

With the 2022 Atlantic hurricane season currently at hand, the Caribbean once again finds itself in harm’s way. In times of natural disaster, NGOs, governments, humanitarian groups, and other stakeholders in the development and relief sectors turn to GeoPoll for fast and affordable data collection. Our unique remote research system and methodologies, robust database, and direct integrations with mobile network operators enable us to reach affected populations otherwise cut off from the world.

To learn more about GeoPoll’s capabilities and coverage in the Caribbean, please contact us today.

The post GeoPoll Report: Climate Change Perceptions in the Caribbean appeared first on GeoPoll.

Russian forces have reportedly damaged or destroyed hundreds of schools and hospitals and left many municipalities without electricity, water, or heating. The military encirclement of cities across Ukraine is preventing the evacuation of women and children, and blocking the delivery life-saving supplies, including food, water, and medicine. While Western governments rush to provide military support to bolster Ukraine’s resistance to the invasion, substantial funding and aid is needed to prevent the country from spiraling deeper into a humanitarian crisis.

To assess the situation on the ground in Ukraine and assist in the targeting of humanitarian relief, GeoPoll conducted a survey in the first week of March 2022. The survey addressed a number of urgent topics, including:

• Personal safety and displacement
• Access to essential services (electricity, fuel, water)
• Communications outages
• Food security
• News platforms and Russian misinformation
• Humanitarian aid presence

Preliminary insights from the survey data are detailed in this post. To view the full results of the study, filterable by question, region, gender, and age group, scroll down to the Interactive Data Dashboard.

A list of organizations that are soliciting donations to help Ukrainians is included at the end of this post.

Methodology

The study questionnaire was developed by GeoPoll researchers and translated into Ukrainian. The survey was conducted using GeoPoll’s mobile web platform and fielded in a single day, gathering a sample size of 400 respondents, which provides a 5% margin of error and a 95% confidence interval.

The diverse sample includes a gender composition of 49% females and 51% males; an age breakdown of 11% ages 18-24, 26% ages 25-34, and 63% ages 35 and older; and representation from every region (ADM1) within Ukraine. For more detailed sample breakdowns please email us at [email protected].

To note, GeoPoll is continuing ongoing data collection in Ukraine using multiple research modes despite the access challenges.

Personal Safety and Displacement

As the violence in Ukraine intensifies and spreads, the human cost of the conflict continues to rise. The United Nations rights body (OHCHR) reports more than 1,200 confirmed civilian casualties in the first few weeks of fighting alone – but warns that the actual figures are likely considerably higher.

Although the fighting so far has primarily centered on the Eastern half of Ukraine, 67% of respondents in our study say they feel at least “somewhat unsafe” in their everyday life. More than one in three females (36%) feel “very unsafe” compared to 21% of males.

That only 6% overall feel “very safe” in their everyday life suggests a nation under acute stress due to the conflict.

One in four respondents (25%) have already personally witnessed violence. This violence and the expectation of violence help to explain why 18% have decided to flee their homes.

A significantly higher percentage (79%) say they know someone who has been forced to move or flee recently due to the conflict, painting a picture of what the UN high commissioner for refugees has called, “the fastest-growing refugee crisis in Europe since World War II.” This massive displacement is particularly dangerous for women and children who face a heightened risk of violence and exploitation.

The majority of respondents in our study (59%) say most of the people they know who have fled their homes have stayed within Ukraine (internally displaced). Most Ukrainian men ages 18-60 are currently banned from leaving the country, in anticipation that they may be called to fight.

Access to Essential Services

At the time of our study, 63% of respondents reported experiencing shortages of necessities, such as fuel, water, or electricity in the previous few weeks. That percentage is sure to increase as escalating Russian military strikes on large cities, including the capital city, Kyiv, inflict damage to essential infrastructure.

Food Security

The World Food Programme (WFP) reports severe shortages of food and water in embattled areas in Ukraine and in response has ramped up its food assistance operations. As the situation deteriorates, the agency is calling on the international community for a substantial increase in funding.

In our study, 84% of households say they ate less preferred and/or less expensive food at least 1 day in the past 7 days due to a lack of food or money to buy food. The largest segment (23%) say they ate less preferred food all 7 days.

*    The chart above shows the percentage of respondents that used each coping strategy at least 3 out of the past 7 days.

Almost half of respondents (46%) say they had to borrow food or rely on help from a friend or relative at least once in the past week, and more than half (60%) limited their portion sizes.

Another 61% reduced the number of meals eaten at least one day in the past week, with 18% reducing the number of meals eaten every single day. Most adults (56%) restricted their food consumption so children could eat – at least one of the 7 days last week.

News Platforms and Misinformation

In times of crisis, access to reliable news and information is critical. To help keep the public informed, both international war correspondents and Ukrainian journalists are putting their personal safety at risk to report on the situation on the ground. Several incidences of journalists being deliberately attacked by Russian forces in Ukraine have surfaced in the past few days.

Desperate for news, most of the respondents in our study are currently relying on multiple news platforms. Social media (Facebook, Twitter, WhatsApp, etc.), which offers real-time updates that users can follow from anywhere via their phones, is the most used platform at 69%. Many Ukrainian government officials and other authorities have turned to social media, primarily Telegram, as their preferred communication medium.

TV comes in a close second to social media at 66%, followed by news websites at 57%.

On the other side of the conflict, Russia has tightened its already strict restrictions on independent media, instead pushing out government produced misinformation and propaganda in an effort to distort reality and lower morale.

Most Ukrainians in our study (73%) recognize and have witnessed the Russian government’s misinformation campaigns and news.

Humanitarian Aid

With the Russian invasion posing an immediate threat to the lives and livelihoods of millions of Ukrainian civilians, humanitarian aid agencies are scaling up their response to the crisis.

Despite reports of Russian forces blocking the delivery of supplies into encircled and embattled cities, 68% of respondents claim that humanitarian aid organizations are currently in their area to provide relief. Most (59%) have noticed an increase in aid presence in the past few weeks.

So far, only 13% of respondents say they or their immediate family have received international aid in the form of food, money, water, or other supplies. As the crisis deepens, however, more and more Ukrainians are likely to find themselves in dire need of humanitarian support.

Following is a list of humanitarian aid organizations that are soliciting donations to help Ukrainians.

• Doctors Without Borders
• International Committee of the Red Cross
• Project Hope
• UNICEF
• World Food Programme
• World Central Kitchen

Interactive Data Dashboard

Dive deeper into the full results from this study using the interactive dashboard below. The dashboard provides responses to each question in the survey, filterable by region, age group, and gender.

Conduct Research in Ukraine

GeoPoll has extensive experience conducting research in vulnerable areas through remote mobile-based methodologies. In times when it is otherwise impossible to get information from people on the ground, remote data collection can play a pivotal role in capturing the sentiment and realities in hard-to-reach locations.

To learn more about GeoPoll’s capabilities in Ukraine and around the world, please contact us.

The post GeoPoll Reports: Russian Invasion of Ukraine appeared first on GeoPoll.

In this article, we outline the various areas, from our experience, that remote surveying and data collection enhances the efforts of international development organizations, governments, local NGOs, and other partners. Click on the headings to learn more about our work, use cases, and methodologies.

Data for Humanitarian Aid and Relief

When Cyclone Idai hit Mozambique, it was difficult for aid groups to know immediate needs and areas they needed to focus on. During various Ebola outbreaks and West and Central Africa, it was also impossible to access affected areas due to lockdowns and the disease’s contagious nature. In both cases, and many more incidences of natural disaster, conflict, and disease when affected populations are cut off from the rest of the world, GeoPoll has deployed our unique remote data collection and messaging capabilities to collect on the ground data that helped aid organizations, governments and rescuers act decisively to save lives and property.  

Monitoring, Evaluation & Learning

Donors, NGOs, and governments often need to assess the effectiveness of their programs and interventions and communicate their successes. Using remote mobile surveys, such organizations can measure project processes, demonstrate community attitudes and perceptions over time, and track the outcomes of project interventions more effectively on the ground for better and timely decision-making.

Food Security and Agricultural Production

In many of the emerging markets, food security is usually a significant concern. Over the years, GeoPoll has worked with tens of development organizations to remotely track multiple types of food security data such as food prices, market operability status, crop harvest data, and frequency of meal consumption, both for emergency assessments, ongoing monitoring, and one-off analyses of specific areas or populations.

Health & Nutrition Data

Using remote on-the-ground data, organizations can monitor and improve health systems. For example, when COVID-19 struck in 2020, health and humanitarian organizations worked with GeoPoll to understand the impact on health and health systems in emerging nations. We have also helped gather sensitive health information that would have been difficult with face-to-face research.

Democracy & Governance

GeoPoll’s mobile research and engagement platform allows governments and democracy groups to reach citizens in remote areas or conflict zones quickly and safely. Organizations can administer remote surveys and educational messages to extremely specific target populations, giving them the ability to assess situations and act upon the most up-to-date information quickly. This can be useful in monitoring government services, assessing the political climate, promoting transparency such as by tracking corruption incidence, monitoring security situations, and more.

Financial Inclusion

One of the most integral steps to developing financial inclusion frameworks is gathering realities and the opinions of banked and unbanked populations. That way, organizations can track financial inclusion rates, evaluate access to financial services, research financing gaps, and track growing trends such as usage of mobile money, mobile loan usage, and more. Over time, GeoPoll has perfected its remote mobile surveying capabilities to enable financial stakeholders to gather ongoing data to measure trends or gather one-off data from specific populations on their financial needs.

Energy, Climate & Environment

Climate Change is one of the hottest topics of the Century. As the globe brainstorms ways to combat the climate and environmental degradation, it is crucial to understand the changes happening in all areas, even the remotest, how that affects essential aspects such as food security and resilience, and grassroots opinions on the course of action.

Education & Employment

In tracking education and employment changes and improvements over time, remote surveying helps gather direct feedback on education and employment from communities, teachers, students, and parents on key service delivery indicators, including absenteeism, textbook availability, student-teacher ratios, and school infrastructure. It also helps understand specific perceptions, behaviors, and knowledge to design campaigns that improve educational outcomes and obtain ongoing feedback on program interventions. Governments, the private sector and development organizations can also gather data on education levels and employment and link private sector, academic institutions, and job seekers.

GeoPoll’s International Development Research Work

GeoPoll regularly conducts international development research for United Nations agencies, NGOs, governments, humanitarian groups, and other stakeholders in the development and relief sectors. We help collect ongoing tracking data or one-time project-based data collection fast and affordably owing to our unique technology, robust database and direct integrations with mobile network operators that enable us to reach any population worldwide.

Learn more about GeoPoll’s international development and humanitarian work.

The post How Remote Surveys Enhance International Development & Aid appeared first on GeoPoll.

To gather information about the current situation on the ground, GeoPoll conducted a survey in October 2021 amongst urban and rural populations in Afghanistan.

The survey addressed a number of urgent and nationally important topics, including

• Employment and income changes
• Access to essential services (electricity, fuel, water)
• Access to medical care and education
• Food supply and spending
• Humanitarian aid availability and need
• Displacement and migration

Findings from the survey illustrate the severity of the current crisis. Many Afghans have lost their jobs and/or incomes since July 2021, leaving them extremely concerned about paying their expenses. Most are struggling to find or pay for food to feed their families and have experienced shortages of basic necessities, including electricity, fuel and water. On top of those hardships, limited access to medical care, education, or international aid has forced half the respondents in our study from their homes already, with more planning to move within the next 90 days.

Click below to download the full report of the research findings from this study.

Collecting Data For International Development and Relief

As recovery and aid efforts continue in Afghanistan, the humanitarian community will require regular data from the country to assess the situation and track progress. Remote surveys and data collection conducted through mobile devices are a fast and cost-effective mechanism for gathering on the ground data.

Over the past decade, GeoPoll has developed a unique remote research system and methodologies supported by an extensive respondent database, as well as the expertise to be able to assist essential humanitarian interventions through the provision of fast, reliable information in any environment and under any circumstance.

To learn more about GeoPoll’s capabilities in Afghanistan and around the world, please contact us.

GeoPoll continues to collect data as the situation unfolds in Afghanistan. To be notified when GeoPoll releases additional findings from the region or new studies around the globe, enter your email below.

The post GeoPoll Report: On the Ground Data on the Humanitarian Crisis in Afghanistan appeared first on GeoPoll.